لغة انجليزية

Energy is needed for living things as well as for machines.

* Fossil fuels are now used to get most of the energy used by man. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas , have been formed from the remains of plants and animals that were buried beneath layers of earth and rocks for millions of years. Fossil fuels are non-renewable fuels because they will run out one day.

* Renewable Sources of Energy never run out.
Examples of these sources are :
1. The wind :
It has been used for centuries to sail ships and to pump water. Nowadays, it is used to make electricity. For instance, wind farms along the Red Sea are connected to turbines to generate electricity.

2. Water
Hydro-electric power is generated from waterfalls. For example, the electricity that is generated from the falling water in the Aswan High Dam forms 16% of Egypt's electricity.

3. Atomic or Nuclear power
It is generated from the splitting or joining of atoms together. Its disadvantages lie in the dangerous wastes left and in the bad management of atomic power stations that result in sending up atomic dust killing plants, animals and causing diseases to humans. This happened at Chernobyl in 1986.

4. The sun
The sun's energy is essential to living things to make their food from the soil and the air. We get energy by eating plants or meat from animals that eat plants. The sun's energy is also used to get electricity or heat.

* How we can save energy
We should turn the light off when we have to leave a room.

TV or computers should be switched off when we have finished using them. Recycled materials should be used . Glass, paper and metal, for example, should be reused instead of throwing them away.

Lesson 4
* The interviewer asks Dr Zeinab about geothermal energy.

* She says rocks far below the surface of the earth are molten. The earth's heat warms underground pools of water and may produce steam.

* We have a hot spring of water if there's an opening in the Earth.

* In the Siwa Oasis we have warm water that comes up to the Earth.

* Modern technology helps to drill deep below the surface of the Earth.

*Hot underground water is pumped and heated to produce steam which is sent to a power station through pipes connected to turbines to produce electricity.

Lesson 5
* Scientists are now working on ways to use solar power for vehicles.

* Solar-powered vehicles have batteries that run out quickly and need a long time to recharge them.

* Students at Dovedale High School entered an international solar bike race.

* They raised money by selling T-shirts and getting help from local companies.

* While they were building the bike, the bike rider was training.

* The race had 13 laps then a break to recharge the batteries then 12 more laps each was 4 km long.

* They were pleased to finish second in the race.
* Dr Aisha Abd El- Rahman is one of the most famous people in Egyptian and Arab culture. She wrote many books and articles on culture and religious matters. She was a courageous promoter of women's rights.

* Her childhood
She was born in 1913. Her father was a well-known Sheikh who was against the education of women. Her mother and grandfather persuaded him to let her go to school.

* Her education and work:
She succeeded in her education and was able to get her BA in 1939 . She joined the teaching staff as a research assistant in the Faculty of Arts. Then she got her PhD in 1951. She became the chairperson of the Arabic Department at Ain shams University and a visiting professor at Arab Universities.

Her writings :
She wrote under the pen name of "Bint El-Shatei" which refers to her birthplace because it was considered wrong for women to write in the press or take part in public life.

She wrote fifteen books about religion . She wrote about women in the Holy Quran . She also argued powerfully for women's rights . She also wrote poetry and wrote articles regularly in "Al-Ahram" . She wrote a collection of short stories in which she showed how women could take their place in modern society.

* Her married life :
Dr Aisha married professor Amin El-kholy. They used to travel to Europe during the vacations. There, they visited universities, museums, galleries and libraries. He died in 1969. She died at the age of 85 in 1998.

Lesson 2
* Shakespeare was born in England in 1564.

* He went to a grammar school and studied Latin and Greek.

* At the age of 18, he married, He had three children.

* He appeared in London as an actor and playwright in a theatrical company that performed plays for king James 1.

* Plays were performed at the Globe Theatre in London. It burnt down.

* You can see Shakespeare's performances in the "Globe Theatre" on nearly the same spot . It was built from pictures of the old one.

* Shakespeare wrote 37 plays and a lot of poetry.

* He died a rich man. Tourists visit the place where he lived.

Lesson 3
* I read a book entitled "Girl Against The Jungle".

* A girl was travelling with her mother to Peru by plane.

* The plane crashed because of a thunderstorm. The girl was the only survivor. She was in a dense forest.

* She set off to find a river according to what her father had advised her. She faced the fearful forest with the sounds of animals at night.

* Eventually, she happily reunited with her father . The ending was sad because her mother died in the crash.